QUESTION 1 Critically discuss four assumptions that underlie the Theory of Perfect Competition.
(25 marks)
QUESTION 2 Companies that operate in competitive markets typically invest in advertising and/or celebrity endorsement to secure or grow sales and market share. Describe the economic rationale for investing in this way. Include in your answer a description of what impact advertising or celebrity endorsement can have on the demand curve for a given product, referencing factors of demand, price elasticity and total revenue.
(25 marks)
QUESTION 3 Brexit is likely to have an economic impact on the United Kingdom and on the European Union, including Ireland. Evaluate how Brexit is likely to impact on the following different sectors and suggest how they might respond to offset the risk: (i) The UK financial services industry. (ii) The Irish financial services industry. (ii) Non-financial services sectors of the Irish economy, including agriculture and food production. (25 marks)
QUESTION 4 Answer both (a) and (b) Fiscal policy is one of a small number of ways in which Governments can help to shape the economy and effect economic growth. (a) Analyse the differences between expansionary fiscal policy and contractionary fiscal policy. (10 marks) (b) Identify how government may use these policies and describe potential negative effects. (15 marks) Total (25 marks)
QUESTION 5 Define “cartel” and assess any four problems inherent in forming and maintaining a cartel.
QUESTION 1 The nature of competition and the behavior of firms differs depending on the structure of the market within which firms operate. Evaluate the difference between the Monopolistic Competition and Oligopoly market structures and describe the defining features of each.
(25 marks)
QUESTION 2 The Irish economy is small, open and highly globalized. Outline the economic advantages for Ireland of membership in the European Union and the opportunities and challenges of globalization. In particular, explain the impact of immigration on the supply and demand for labour, on wages and on economic growth.
(25 marks)
QUESTION 3 Monetary policy is one of a small number of ways in which Governments and/or Central Banks can help to shape the economy and effect economic growth. Explain clearly the differences between expansionary monetary policy and contractionary monetary policy and suggest why a government might use these policies. Use an example to illustrate your answer and address any negative consequences that may result. (25 marks)
QUESTION 4 Answer both (a) and (b) (a) Identify and discuss the main options available to a corporation when it needs to raise money so that it can invest in a new product or a new manufacturing technique.
(10 marks) (b) Explain the difference between a corporate bond and a government bond, including the level of risk and interest rate.
(15 marks) Total (25 marks)
QUESTION 5 Define price discrimination. Describe in detail three conditions must exist before a firm can use it successfully?
Assessment 1: Prepare an explanatory memorandum regarding ergonomics and energy conservation. (Maximum of 250 words) Metharom has been experiencing increased overhead costs over the past quarter. The administration manager has investigated, and found that the increased costs are due to two factors: increased energy usage, and an increased amount of sick days for the clerical staff. You are required to create an explanatory memorandum for staff: a) explaining a minimum of 5 ergonomic practices and b) a minimum of 5 energy conservation techniques. You will need to ensure that: • you refer to Metharom’s Document style guide • Your document can be easily read and understood by all employees of Metharom Construction • The document that you create is visually appealing • The content has been proofread and edited to suit the audience This assignment should be no more than 250 words.
Assessment 2: Create a template for the sales team to record their quarterly expenses, and make a recommendation to improve efficiency and accuracy of documents submitted to accounts. (Maximum of 250 words) Metharom’s sales team is required to submit an expense report on a quarterly basis. Recently, as the number of sales has increased, the reports have had a higher rate of errors. In order to prevent this from happening again, you as an administration officer will need to create an automated sheet to assist the sales staff.
Your expense report template must include: A) Name this sheet as ‘Expenses’ and save it in the required format. Calculate total for each expense using formula B) Apply conditional formatting to highlight all expense higher than 100 in red colour C) Link the above expense sheet with a new sheet in the same workbook and name it as “new expense” so that any changes made on expense will also reflect in new expense sheet. D) Write a business letter to the sales manager that recommends a minimum of two other documents that could be automated, and explains the benefits of automation. You will need to submit both a print copy of the sheet and soft copy of the template as well as the test document to your assessor. Maximum of 250 words.
Assessment 3: Using macros and absolute reference
The data reflects payments to the subcontractors for last three quarters which were pending for approvals. A) Write the Formula to calculate tax for quarter 1 using an Absolute Reference and then copy the formula to Quarter 2 and quarter 3 to get amount. B) Create and record a macro and name the macro as tax C) Create a test plan to ensure the calculations are correct. Appendix B This assessment must be submitted in both hard and soft copy format.
Assessment 4: Import and export data on spreadsheet (Maximum of 150 words) Data has been provided in Appendices in text format. You are required to refer to help option on excel and do the following tasks A) Import the data to an excel file and format. Name and store spreadsheet as “customer” in accordance with organisational requirements and exit application without data loss or damage, sort the data in ascending order of names Headings: bold font: Arial font size: 12 colour : black B) Once the formatting has been completed export the data to text format. (Word document). Ensure the spreadsheet and the word document is linked. Provide a detailed explanation step wise of how you have used the online help option. Submit the print copy to your assessor. Appendix C: Data
Assessment 5: Create a pie chart to represent costs of subcontractors. The operations manager analysing subcontracting expenses to determine if hiring additional staff for the work team, would be more cost effective than hiring subcontractors. In order to do this, she has requested that you A) Create a chart/graph with labels that represents the percentage of funds spent on subcontractors for each trade. B) Explain the use of pie charts C) Save, view, adjust and print chart and submit to assessor Refer to the appendices for additional data to assist you. As this is an official Metharom document, ensure that you refer to and abide by the style guide in the company folder.
a) Provide practical examples of how long-term planning, specifically in health and education facilities, could support governments’ objective for better quality labour force. [K&U 4.1: 5 marks]
b) Examine and apply two economic theories related to development (based on the ones discussed during the course) to the performance experienced by a least developed country (or countries) of your choice over the years. [A&A 1.4: 7 marks]
c) Identify and explain five challenges encountered by Least Developed Countries (LDC) that hinder their progress to become developed nations. You are required to provide practical examples and include empirical data in your answers.
d) Develop a community-based-project that could be carried out by the government of Nigeria in order to improve the standard of living among locals in a particular community. You are requested to include practical examples as well as potential sources to finance such project. [A&A 4.2: 7 marks]
e) Propose solutions and actions that can be implemented by a country of your choice in specific areas to help the country pursue its development process.
[S&E 4.3: 10 marks]
f) Compile a list of resources (human and physical) that the country requires in order for the proposals mentioned in question (m) to be implemented. In your answer, you are expected to individually explain the role of each resource to facilitate the country to reach its overall economic development objectives.
A bottle makes and sells plastic bottles. It is observed that when the price is $42, only 12 bottles are sold in a week; but when the price decreases to $10, weekly sales rise to 25.
Assuming that demand can be modelled by a linear function,
(a) Obtain a formula for P in terms of Q;
(b) Sketch a graph of P against Q;
(c) Comment on the likely reliability of the model
Exercise 3: (14 Points)
A company sells packs of cell phone covers for $2. If a customer orders more than 100 packs, the company is prepared to reduce the unit price by 10 cents for each pack bought above 100 up to a maximum of 350 in a single order.
(a) How much does it cost to buy 140 packs?
(b) If the cost is $3524, how many packs are ordered?
This writing is not to support or disagree with the norms in Academic writing. Still, it’s my take on the pretext of the use and misuse of term “plagiarism” to harasses the students by some lazy professors, whose definition of student knowledge can be judged by software like Turnitin or any other.
Many times, my students complained to me, sufficiently annoyed, that their work is showing plagiarized even when they did the entire job on their own without referring any source form book or internet. Initially., I was like, “you must have copied it from somewhere, better change the wordings and sentence structure and submit your work.” Luckily, being an obedient student or rather a helpless student, he did that. To my surprise, there was still a significant amount of plagiarism in work, and any scold him of being such a lazy ass.
Sometimes later, I thought that he is a sincere student, and the chances of him telling a lie is something I am not convinced of. I pulled out his previous and the latest work, matched word by word. To my surprise, he wrote these two works entirely in different words stuffing and sentence structure. Then I re-examined the source of plagiarism suggested by Turnitin, and it took me to surprise, that the first writing was showing to be plagiarized from some “X” site, almost 70% and in the second piece of paper was, after the edition, this “X” is now down to 1%, and ten other sources of writing came up.
After this episode, what clicked my mind was that the questions asked by the professor were a general one, which will have the answers of not more than 1 or 2 paragraphs each. I ran my imagination that how many students have answered these questions and in how many different way to avoid plagiarism is difficult to imagine. How can someone write a different answer to the same problem and how many ways to prevent plagiarism.
Well, a short message to those professors, to get unplagiarized work, a student has to re-edit his answer ten times to write in such a way that nobody else has written, so you should also concentrate on giving non-plagiarised question to get a non-plagiarised answer.
For research work, looking for plagiarism free work is evident as the research is trying to generate some new piece of knowledge that will add to the existing knowledge, but how can a student who is answering a question can give non plagiarised work for the problems that are solved by every student in every college and during every year. So, it will be good if professor develop some good yardstick to judge the knowledge of student rather than leaving that part of work too on some software.
Explain two organizational models of
organisation culture which would help to achieve your chosen organisation’s
strategic goals. (Assessment Criteria 1.1: Explain how models of
organisation culture can be used to achieve organisational objectives).
Organizational
model is a substructure of a business organisation that states the power,
direction of order, management and cost control of a company. The explanation
on how the company ought to play role in both scientific feature and from a psychological
feature. The following are the two mostly applied models in to analyze the kind
of lifestyle an organisation works for.
Hofstede’s
cultural dimensions theory is a structure for multicultural communication
evolved by Geert Hofstede. The consequences of an association’s lifestyle on
the upon its members worth and the way it relates to behaviour of its members
is stated in the theory, by using the framework obtained by factor examination.
Original model evolved by Hofstede was a result of factor examination to
inspect the observation carried all over the world of the employee’s worth by
IBM in between the period of 1967-1973. Since then it has been revised for the
betterment. The analysis includes 6 dimensions along with various cultural
worth.
Power distance index (PDI): Thechiefdimension of the theory is the power distance
index. It states that the members of the company who have comparatively low
power in the business firm or a group agree upon dissimilar powers issued. In
such dimension dissimilar power distribution is appreciated by the one who
follows. Here the hierarchy is well defined and applied in the association with
no point of doubt, as indicated in the higher level of index. Whereas in case
of lower level of index the individuals tend to rise question on the authority
and also tries to distribute the power. Here the authority and duties of a
person employed is well defined. In Multinational firms it is very popularly
observed that the low power distance is applied. The organisation emphasises in
more like a family kind of structure.
Individualism vs. collectivism (IDV): The
level to which the individuals in the organisation are united in the families
is stated in this index. Often societies are unconventional ones which have
loose bonds which are usually intact to their close ones only. They tend to
focus on either the word ‘I’ or ‘we’ in order to get the work done. Mostly in
the western regions, business firms choose Individualism even if the prime aim
is to attain same motive. The whole task is parted into various groups in
accordance with the role of the work, wherein the groups are to focus on their part of work. The workforce gets a superior opportunity to prove their worth in the organisation
in case of individualism. The organisation in all is in charge of the task in
case of collectivism which is mostly popular in Asian countries. Here the workforce
work jointly and not individually hence, there isn’t any possibility of putting
blames on each other in case of detained work or so. This brings out the
assisting nature in the individuals. They tend to have close united association
between the enlarged families and others. The members within the group are very
faithful to each other and in case of dispute with members of other group.
Uncertainty avoidance (UAI): The uncertainty
avoidance index states the society’s forbearance for uncertainty, wherein the
individuals readily welcomes an unpredicted matter. These kinds of cultures are
evolved from the society to the organisation. Some companies even on being
prepared for the unfavourable situation still comprehend the degree of
uncertainty and come up with the most appropriate way out. They are calm to
upcoming bad situations and chose the best possible way out. In case of tasks
being done for the first time such a situation is found. Even if the organisation
has details and is pre prepared in terms of how to work on a particular
project, the result may be different from what was expected but the
organisation must be prepared for the outcome. In some business organisation
where precision is the core element like German and Japanese companies, wherein
they do not allow any sort of negligence in their product. They tend to follow
strict rules and standards, by this they gain trust from their potential
customers.
Masculinity vs.
femininity (MAS): This sort of culture surrounds the kind of management
they need. It is quite popularly found in several business firms that doesn’t
believe in equality amongst genders and is partial towards male members
especially in case of mining sites, construction sites etc. On contrary,
organisations in the western countries are more likely to believe in gender
equality and are more supportive towards female workforce. In case of
masculinity that kind of culture that supports biasness in society for male
leadership, heroism, achievement. In Femininity it’s all about being humble, modest,
caring towards the employees and the task being done.
In Ramada, there is
least possible biasness; females are given equal importance as that of a male
employee. In fact female employees are given more preference at the time of
recruitment. It’s a hotel wherein male and female workforce is allotted work
accordingly as per the suitability. The organisation takes care of the well
being of its employees. It is always motivated to have a supervising quality
and hard work is appreciated.
Long-term orientation vs. short-term orientation (LTO):
This dimension relates to the link between the past with the present and future
activities. The long term orientation focuses on upcoming advantages and more
habitual foundation. They primary focus is on repetitive extension and not
short term outcomes. In case of short term orientation short gains are of more
value. The firmness of the business organisation is appreciated. In developed
countries are usually long term orientated and they grow to an end whereas an
under developed country are usually short term orientated as they have poor
economic development.
Indulgence vs. restraint (IND): In this
dimension the level of liberty that is given to the people by the social
standards in order to attain their human wants. Indulgence refers to the freedom
to satisfy primary and basic wants that is given by the society in terms of
enjoyment and entertainment. In case of Restraint the freedom of the people is
in the hands of the society.
Deal and Kennedy’s Model
The second very important
and popularly used Organisational cultural model is the Deal and Kennedy’s Model. It states
the way the task is exactly done in an organisation. The customs of an
organisation depends upon various components; this was concluded by several
manufacturing units on investigation. There are 6 kinds of cultural components
that represent the framework of the organisation.
According to
the past of the company, the kind of nature in the organisation and the process
in which the culture has developed. The intense traditional worth can lead the elements
of the cultural structure. Components like worth, trust, bravery, basic acts
like greeting the co workers on arrival and departure, makes a great difference
in setting up an organisation’s traditions. On investigating these components
over several firms it was discovered that four different types of cultures
prevails. It is based on in accordance with the level of threat accepted by the
workforce as per the response given to them on their work done.
Tough
Guy Macho Culture
The culture
in a business firm wherein they are ready to take risk yet the response on
their decision is received by them fast. As per the information they gain
through their mastery, the risk is motivated in the business firm. This kind of
culture is mostly seen in the advertising and entertainment industries, wherein
a huge success is attained by taking great risk. Those who like taking chances
and are ready to take quick responses can opt for such culture and individuals
in this type of culture believes in working and succeeding on its own rather
than working in groups. They tend to aim for success in short term. With the
possibility of gaining huge yield, it becomes too tiring at times. Industrial
section like police force, sports, entertainment, etc are a few examples of this
type of culture.
Work
Hard Play Hard Culture
This culture states that the level
of threat is less yet the response is faster. Here the workforce is likely to
accept high level of threats yet the response is quite comprehensive and quick-
as in case of sales department. In this dimension one is supposed to be
energetic and should be steady in order to get honoured shortly. The group as a
whole is cherished as they manage its members in order to discharge a
remarkable presentation, by means of contention and inner matches among them in
order to encourage its workforce to contribute further to the organisation. Mainly
in case of sales department, restaurants, etc this culture is used.
Ramada flourishes in such a way that
the workforce group is motivated to put in more effort as a whole. During
assignments which are distinctive a huge threat is taken over as the
possibility of peril is comparatively more.
Process
Culture
Where there is less chances of
threat and response is also relaxed, in this case there isn’t room for speedy
work and huge gain. Then this culture is known as process culture. Since the
response is slow in this case hence, the aim is to keep a check on the
procedure as the outcome takes time and errors aren’t allowed here. The task
here is done with great superiority and with persistence along with that,
happenings from former project is also kept in mind. Sectors like banking
sectors, retail sectors and governmental organisation are a few examples of
process culture. This is the world of large
retailers, banks, insurance companies and government organizations. (This shows
similarities with Control Culture as well).
Bet-Your-Company
Culture
The bet your company culture is the
kind of culture where the threat is huge yet the response is likely to take
time. In this case it is very important to take resolution precisely in order
to have the worth for a prolonged period of time as it is vital for the
upcoming times, the arrangement and investigation. In case of technical provisions
the threat factor and the plans are substantial while its formation and in this
case the outcome might even take years to show result. Industrial sector like
pharmaceutical corporate, oil and gas companies are a part of this culture.
Ramada is huge hotel chain hence;
they don’t strive for recompense but for its survival. Therefore, the
organisation opts for high threat over its goal and objective of its business.
1.2 Understand your
national culture and your chosen organizational culture. Based on your
understanding, explain the difference between your national culture and your
chosen organizational culture.
The culture of United
Arab Emirates (UAE) is similar to that of other countries of Arab; still it’s a
different from them in order to grow in the world. With that the norms go a
little easy on them conducting to growth though the prime ethics aren’t
clashed. UAE has high values for its devotions and for its lifestyle. The
lifestyle and heritage is a conduct of Islamic religion which has become
combination lifestyles of India, Pakistan and Iran due to exchange of commerce
with all these countries.
High priority is given to
the education and compassionate efforts; it has commendably grown high in the
field of education. Areas like Knowledge Park are in Dubai established only for
the reason of promoting knowledge. In case compassion a lot of efforts have
been put up in country like Syria and in the region like Palestine.
In the case of examining
of national culture in the course of growth, some components which will be for
the benefit of the business firm of the country. In UAE the weekends are not
restricted to just the normal Saturday and Sunday. But it has one more day
included that is Friday, here Fridays are also considered as holiday with many
business firms giving offs on Saturdays. Islamic holidays are considered as
holidays authorised by law in UAE. With development taking place and by passing
of time, for the sake of adjusting with the immigrants in the country UAE now
considers first day of January as a holiday authorised by law. As compared to
other Arabian countries, UAE is furthermore likely to adapt lifestyles of other
nations. It has the maximum number of workforce employed in the country hence;
it is employee focused country in comparison to the countries in its
surroundings. In order to protect its employees whether belonging to top level
or to lower level the nation have its norms and acts applied. A number of norms
and laws are applicable in order to make sure that its workforce is secured but
the fact is that the nation in which the company is situated has its own ones
too which the organisation has to follow too along with that of its own.
Because of which the organisation couldn’t put into action its plans for the
benefits of its workforce, even though the plans were for its employee’s joy.
The organisation has a huge workforce working who have emigrated from more than
36 countries hence the organisation has to know how the culture of the nation
where they locate along with that they need to understand their workforce’s culture.
The variety of lifestyle generated in the organisation because of the emigrants
was amazing to know and was equally complicated for the attainment of goals.
There are a lot of distinctions in both the cultures i.e. the national one and
the company’s one. The emigrants from Brazil have to bring huge alterations in
their behaviour in order to cope with the organisation’s lifestyle in which
they work; this is because the organisations in Brazil have an easy going
lifestyle. As per the company’s norms the intervals are allowed to the
workforce in a little strict manner and are based on the kind of task they
perform. The element that the task has to be finished within the given schedule
and the lifestyle of individualism are quite important. As the company has to
abide by the nations culture too several rules and customs cannot be neglected
and has to be applied in terms of lifestyle of locality. Appropriate number of
interval required for their worships are to be allowed. Seasonal breaks to be
allowed in order to maintain the welfare of the workers. The organisation keeps
regards for the nation in which it works by taking into consideration their
rules and customs along with the company’s own customs which is very well conveyed
to the workforce recruited in that company.
1.3 Analyze the
corporate cultural profile in your chosen organization.
Ramada hotel’s corporate
culture is quite strong and unlocked in nature though the prime worth are laid
and instructed to its workforce. A powerful lifestyle has been set which helps
it to spread its business all over the world and as a result of which it owns a
chain of hotels. The complicated features of the organisation have to be considered,
in order to examine the lifestyle of the organisation.
In Ramada there isn’t any
system in which the workforce has to follow certain way in which they are
supposed to communicate in the organisation like the vertical movement, rather
the workforce is to free to communicate in whichever direction they feel like
as they have free lifestyle. The organisation maintains a system of having a
leader wherein each group is lead by a leader and not driven by a boss. The
leader tends to lead the group together whereas the boss commands the group.
This brings a huge difference in the working environment. The workforce tends
to feel secured working under a leader and therefore obtain confidence. The
lifestyle of the organisation is such that the post gets the needed honour yet
the rest of the workforce doesn’t feel dejected as it doesn’t become
overwhelming.
Ramada has well
transmitted the excellence and prime worth to its employees as the hotel has
chain spread all over the world, if it is closely examined in between the
workers of the organisation. The workforce that is recruited has to undergo the
teachings by the organisation which is done to make the employees aware of the
lifestyle of the company. During this session new trainee get an opportunity to
talk about their encounters. Ramada focuses on improving the lifestyle,
expanding and be equitable towards its workforce. The organisation appreciates
hard work and believes in promoting its employees in accordance with the work
performed by them and for that regular investigation is done to improvise
accordingly.
The
organisation follows the culture of individualism and collectivism wherein the
work is divided into groups and that each group become accountable for their
own part of work. In this case each particular group has to focus on attaining
its own goal making it their only aim. If there arise any issue while attaining
the task then the top level management comes forward to assist, though the work
is divided into groups but the groups are working for the organisation as a
whole hence the top level management takes an initiative. The organisation must carefully be able to
handle its waste and should dispose the same in a proper way, tough norms must
be implemented. They maintain a particular group for this work and the members
of that group makes sure that wastes are properly handled and in this process
the environment is not mistreated. Health camps are held at regular intervals
in order to make sure that he workers are fit to work.
1.4 Discuss the impact
of your chosen organisation’s corporate culture in achieving its objectives.
It is very
important to instruct the newly recruited workforce about the lifestyle of the
organisation in which they are to work. It is essential for the every single
organisation to consider it to be of utmost importance to properly manage its
workforce and supplies. Hence teaching is the best way to convey the lifestyle
of the organisation to the workforce; all the elements are taken care as to how
to socialise with others and guests of the hotel as well as how to take care of
circumstances and lead the team in the worst possible circumstances. The worth
and the goal of the organisation are well taken care by conveying it to the
workforce. The most important and challenging work for the firm was the
lifestyle barricade not just the nation where they exist but also the employees
they would hire. In case of Dubai which is well known for employing a large
number of employees from all over the world.
More than 70% of the workforces are the immigrants. It is of great
provocation to recruit employees from other nations and make they follow the
lifestyle of the firm along with that they also motivate them to maintain their
own lifestyles and represent their own culture. In this way the Ramada chain of
hotels was able to gain goodwill in the eyes of its locality by accepting the
local lifestyle.
Putting in
efforts into work is considered as vital lifestyle that the firm has brought
into action. Examination at regular intervals is important to keep a check on
the workforce by which they are to face provocations regularly and it also
encourages them to go higher for their benefit, in the organisation. To give
better emphasis, schemes like Employee of the month’ was introduced in order to
motivate the employees to work efficiently and achieve the title.
Employee’s
welfare is taken care well in the organisation by ensuring their safety and
fulfilment of their needs. Regular health camps are organised for the workforce
and is made sure that all the workers well know about the camps. Safety
measures are well instructed at regular intervals.
Learning Outcome 2: Be able
to propose organisational values that will influence corporate climate
For this learning outcome 2,
choose the organization that you are currently working or has worked.
Understand the climate of the organization, organizational values, operational
needs of the chosen organization and proceed to answer the questions below.
2.1 Evaluate the existing climate of your chosen organization.
The
procedure of calculating the lifestyle of the firm is known as organisation
climate. The kind of procedure that the organisation uses is resolved via
organisation climate. The way the workers response to changes depending upon
the norms inculcated by the organisation, how the employees work. It also
studies the circumstances wherein the way the employees respond to
particularly. In case of a constructive atmosphere in the organisation the
workforce seems motivated and is willing to put effort in order to boost the
business whereas in the case of obstructive atmosphere in the organisation the
workforce seems down on morale and are less likely to contribute to the
business of the organisation as emphasis is given to individualism more and
encouragement to work as a whole is less.
The
organisational climate of Ramada is quite adjustable as in case of authority
and flow of order. Here the workforce is motivated to come up and discuss their
point of view with the high level authorities. The subordinates are allowed to
put forward their thoughts. The management of the organisation is a mixture of
official and unofficial wherein they must be official with its associates while
they can conversant unofficially with their workers, among themselves. The belief
behind this is that the employees are more likely to enjoy working in the
organisation when they find the surrounding to be easy going. Working in such
huge hotel become a very tiring at times, some of the days are so hectic with
no intervals in between hence the organisation must appreciate the work done by
workforce.
Improvising
is consistently happening in Ramada as it’s amongst the top most chain of
hotels. By keeping in mind their main aim with which it started off its
business. Various franchises like Ramada Inn, Ramada Limited,
Ramada Plaza, and Ramada Suites are the expansions of Ramada
chain of hotel. The objective of the Ramada hotels is the growth of its
locality in which it exists and it is achieved by guiding and recruiting the
people from the local regions. This gives the organisation a worldwide
viewpoint focusing on the growth of the whole world with no biasness. The
atmosphere in the organisation is very energetic which is done by appreciation
by means of awards and also through giving bonuses once a year. Ramada hotels
motivates its workers to their respective culture along with that Ramada hotels
follows the local culture in which it exists therefore it follows combined
lifestyle.
2.2 Recommend ways to
improve corporate climate in your chosen organization.
Ramada
hotels is a multi cultured business firm which has around 66 years old of
exposure in the market. Since it is believed that no method is perfectly fit
for any organisation therefore the need to alter it for the betterment of the
organisation. There are various affairs
and actions involved in the operations of the organisation and the fact that
none of them are the best hence, it needs to be amended. Ramada has various
techniques so as to improvise the organisation’s atmosphere which is done only
if it beliefs that the alterations are required. The organisation conveys about
its lifestyle to its workforce during training sessions. There is the need of
alterations in the manner in which Ramada operates as it is running for over 66
years now. As the time passes the ideals and features of the public differs and
in that case the organisation is supposed to accept the alterations. The other
places where alterations are required are the rewards and kinds of appreciation
given to its workforce must be checked at regular intervals and required
alterations must be made. It is stated that Ramada isn’t biased towards its
employees yet it’s not true consistently.
It’s the common human character to form an opinion about people that
work in the organisation and it mainly initiates from the top management front.
But the organisation must comprehend that all the employees must be considered
same in their eyes in order to make the employees perceive homely at their
workplace. Partiality and nationalism must not be practiced rather the work
done must define their worth in the organisation.
In the hotel
industry it is usually seen that the way they function is alike until and
unless it is properly explained and innovative, it has no much distinction in
the operation. The organisation always encourages in putting fresh and better
ideas so as to use supplies and information in a better way. This way the
organisation attains a lot of tasks.
COSC 1P03 Assignment 2 Abstract Data Types – Colours Due: Friday, June 14th (@5:00pm)
Objective: To produce multiple implementations of an Abstract Data Type.
Background: The idea of Colour is a somewhat abstract concept. Most of us* can understand green, purple, etc., but may not be able to agree on the best way to unambiguously represent them. Actual perceived colours are the result of combining photons of numerous wavelengths (far more complicated than necessary for an adequate colour model). The most common modern approach is to simplify the process by expressing a colour as some combination of red, green, and blue. However, even that is far more complicated than it might seem. For this assignment, you’ll be directly implementing two variations of RGB, and indirectly making use of a third method.
DoubleColour.java
You are to write a class, DoubleColour.java, that will be part of the colours package, and will implement the Colour interface. This class will represent a colour as three double-precision floatingpoint values; one for red, one for green, and one for blue. Each value will be a per-channel intensity scaled from 0.0 to 1.0. Cyan, Magenta, and Yellow can be simulated (as though they were directly stored) as documented in the interface.
SixteenBitColour.java
You are to write a class, SixteenBitColour.java, that will also be part of the colours package, and mimic the precision of 16-bit colour. For 16-bit, colours are traditionally stored as a twobyte word, but you can just use three integers. The red is represented as an unsigned value (i.e. it’s impossible to be ‘negative-red’), with 5 bits of precision. This means that zero intensity (black in that channel) corresponds to 0, and full red corresponds to 31 (the highest value representable with 5-bits in zero-based unsigned integers). Because the human eye is better at distinguishing between shades of greens than reds or blues, 6 bits are allocated to representing that channel. Thus, instead of ranging from 0 to 31, the green channel ranges from 0 to 63. The third value, blue, is represented in the same way as red. So, to create pure white: new SixteenBitColour(31,63,31) For yellow: new SixteenBitColour(31,63,0) For a greenish-blue: new SixteenBitColour(0,32,31)
24-bit colour
24bit colour is simpler than 16-bit, in that the scale is the same for all three channels. Each channel has a value from 0 to 255 (the highest value representable from 8 bits, in an unsigned integer). You won’t be creating a class based on this model, but will need to know it for the other two, because of a related representation: Hexadecimal. Hexadecimal is a very popular method of expressing colours (particularly
( * Well, there are tens of millions of people with some form of colour blindness or another, but nearly all can still see colours; they simply can’t distinguished particular colours from each other. Also, fun fact: Colour blindness is drastically more common in males. Think of 20 men you know; decent chance one or two of them are colour blind, even if they’ve never mentioned it! in web development, and sometimes in image editors). It’s identical to 24-bit colour except, instead of expressing as a single base-10 value, or three base-10 values, the colour is expressed as a single 6- character hexadecimal value. e.g. Instead of magenta being 255, 0, 255, it could be expressed as FF00FF. There are a multitude of ways to perform the calculations, some of which are built into Java. There’s plenty of info on the subject available online, but we can also talk about it in class. For this assignment, both DoubleColour and SixteenBitColour will need a constructor that accepts a String containing a hexadecimal colour. Additionally, irrespective of the internal representation, both must implement toString such that they return the colour expressed in the same 24bit hexadecimal format.
Requirements: Both implemented colour classes will be immutable. This simply means that, once a colour is created, new variations of it may also be created, but the original can never be modified.
Both classes must have the ability to throw an InvalidColourException if, in their constructors, they are expected to create invalid instances (e.g. a DoubleColour with a red of 1.5, or a SixteenBitColour with a blue of -1).
Both of the implementations (concrete classes) you’ll be writing will implement the Colour interface. The interface specifies the operations that each implementation needs to support. Note that, irrespective of the internal representation, the expected functionality remains the same. e.g. Even if you represent your colour in 16-bit integer form, the getRed() function still returns the red component scaled from 0.0 to 1.0.
The interface specifies certain additional functionalities: •
public Colour mix(Colour c) – create a new Colour that shares properties of both the current Colour and the supplied parameter. Note that, being immutable, the function returns the new, combined colour, but does not modify the original. The easiest way to do this is to use a red that’s halfway between the two original reds (and repeat for green and blue). •
public Colour lighten() – create a new, lighter version of the current colour. Just set each colour channel’s intensity to being halfway between the original value and full intensity (mathematically, this is the same as ‘mixing’ with white). •
public Colour darken() – Same as lighten, but darker. (The easiest way to calculate this is to halve each channel’s intensity) •
public Colour invert() – Formally, the distance from zero intensity will become the distance from full intensity (more pratcially, for DoubleColour as an example, red=1-red, etc.) •
public Colour grey() – Take the average (mean) intensity of the three channels, and set that one value to all three channels in the new colour. • public Color speltPoorly() – Refer to the java api specifications for java.awt.Color. Note that you may not use this function to make the other ones easier to implement. The Color class is to be used only for interacting with external code (like, for example, the supplied Demo class) Note: Be very careful when working with SixteenBitColour, due to the differing ranges for the channels! In particular, the grey() function might be a nuisance!
Testing: There will be two phases of testing/demonstration: A test harness and a demo program. Test Harness: You must write this. It’s up to you to demonstrate proper functionality, including appropriate use of exceptions, different constructors, and interoperability between SixteenBitColour’s and DoubleColours for the mix function. Just use several System.out.println commands to display the results of hardcoded tests. Try to be thorough. Remember that you’re verifying the functionality of individual components, before trying them out in a full system.
Demonstration: Provided is Demo.java. Note that Demo.java is not part of the same package! This was intentional, so do not add the package line to the top of it. If you wrote your implementations correctly, then all you’ll need to do is compile it along with your classes, and it will run perfectly (and have lotsa buttons and stuff!). Submission:
Submission is electronic only. Create a single folder on your Z: drive (say, Assign2). All of your source files will go into this folder. Also include a sample execution of your test harness in this folder. Next, connect to sandcastle: • From Windows: ◦ Use PuTTY to connect to sandcastle.cosc.brocku.ca • From Linux: ◦ Use SSH to connect to sandcastle.cosc.brocku.ca Navigate to your submission folder (e.g. cd Assign2). Run the submission script: submit1p03 Make sure you tell it the correct assignment you’re submitting for.
MBA 631 WEEKS 3 and 4 – GOOGLE CONTENT POST AND VISUAL PART 1:
The Research, Copy, and Proofing
Explore Google’s process of moving to Mobile First Indexing using reputable sources listed in Weeks 3 and 4 content and through your own research.
How did Google work before Mobile First? What is and why does Google use Mobile First Indexing? Why did it take so long for Google to go to Mobile First indexing? Is Google moving toward any other way of indexing content? Why? Start organizing your research, and create a 400-600 word blog article that would explain the terms “SEO,” “Mobile First Indexing,” “Algorithms” and any other key terms you deem important to allow your mom (dad, sibling or coworker–pick 1 target audience!) who does not understand digital marketing, to understand these terms. You may tailor this to your workplace or non-profit—is your website ready for mobile first indexing?
Use this week’s sources and at least 1 other current (less than 6 months) reputable article or blog Use active links within your blog article. Ensure it is tight, polished and proofed so you could post it to your LinkedIn account or personal, public blog.
Be prepared to share this in a Break-out in Week 3.
PART 2: The Visual and Final Version
After the breakout session, you may revise your article. Do so. Create a visual to go with this article using PowerPoint or a free graphic app such as www.canva.com. It could be a timeline, process map, or other infographic, formatted either for Facebook, Instagram, or Twitter, that can deliver complicated information easily.
Be sure to cite (link) the sources in both the article and the visual. Consider using the Layout tab in Word and consider how you are positioning or wrapping the text around your visual. Again, think more about a blog post or webpage than a “paper.”
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Let X be the damage incurred (in
$) in a certain type of accident during a given year. Possible X values are 0,
1000, 5000, and 10000 with probabilities .8 .1 .08 and .02 respectively. a
particular company offers a $500 deductible policy. if the company wishes its
expected profit to be $100 what premium amount should it charge?
Let X be the variable that represents the damage due to certain type of accident in a provided year.
As per information provided,
the deductible amount is $500 and the expected premium charge is $100, the
premium function can be defined as:
For X=0, then
Y=X+100
FOR X=1000, 5000 and 10000,
then
Y=X-500+100
The chargeable amount is
obtained by substituting the values of X in the premium function.
The below table represents the probability distribution of Y as,
X
0
1000
5000
10000
Y
100
600
4600
9600
P(y)
0.8
0.1
0.08
0.02
The premium charged is
obtained as
E(Y)=y * P(y)
=100*0.8+600*0.1+4600*0.08+9600*0.02
=$700
The chargeable premium
amount is $700
Possible values of X, the number of components
in a system submitted for repair that must be replaced, are 1,2, 3, and 4 with
corresponding probabilities .15, .35, .35, and .15, respectively. a. Calculate
E(X) and then E(5 – X). b. Would the repair facility be better off charging a
flat fee of $75 or else the amount $[150/(5 – X)]? [Note: It is not generally
true that E(c/Y) = c/E(Y)]
(a)
Use the
formula for mean as follows:
µ = E (X)
=∑4x=1
x * P(x)
=1*0.15 +2
* 0.35 + …+4* 0.15
=2.5
The mean number of the component in a system submitted for repair is found to be 2.5. The expected value E(5-X) can be calculated by using the law of linearity of expectation. The linearity property of expectation suggests:
E(5-X) = 5
– (X)
=5 – 2.5
=2.5
Part a
The expected values are
found to be:
E(X) = 2.5
E(5 – X) = 2.5
Explanation | Hint for next step
The mean number of components submitted
for repair is found to be 2.5 and the expected value for E(5 – X) is found to
be 2.5
Explanation | Hind for the next step
The mean number of components submitted for repair is found to be 2.5 and the expected value for E(5 – X) is found to be 2.5.
(b)
The modified distribution
is as shown in the table:
Y
P(Y)
37.5
0.15
50
0.35
75
0.35
150
0.15
The expected value is:
E(Y) = 37.5*0.15 + 50*0.35 + …+ 150*0.15
=71.875
The expected repair charge by the repair
person is found to be 71.875. Decide which condition is better for repair
person: the variable cost or the fixed cost. The variable cost implies that he
would make on average $71.88. The fixed cost method says that he should charge
$75. It is profitable for him to charge a flat fee of $75 for repair.
Part b
The repair facility should charge a flat fee of
$75.
Explanation
The variable cost of charging strategy indicates that on average the repair person would make $71.88 per repair. The repair facility should charge a flat fee of $ 75.
Part a
The expected values are found to be:
E(X) = 2.5
E(5 – X) = 2.5
Part b
The repair facility should charge a flat
fee of $75.
A chemical supply company
currently has in stock 100 lb of a certain chemical, which it sells to
customers in 5-lb latches. Let X = the number of batches ordered by a randomly
chosen customer, and suppose that X has pmf
X
1
2
3
4
p(x)
.2
.4
.3
.1
Compute E(X) and V(X). Then compute the
expected number of the pounds left after the next customer’s order is shipped
and the variance of the number of pounds left. [Hint: The number of pounds left
is a linear function of X.]
The random variable X is defined as
X = the number of lots ordered by a randomly
chosen customer
The company has in stock 100 lb of the chemical
The company sells the chemical in lots 5 lb
The pmf of X is given by:
X
1
2
3
4
P(x)
0.2
0.4
0.3
0.1
The mean value X is
E(X) = µ = 1.P(1) + 2.p(2) + 3.p(3) +4.p(4)
= 1(0.2) + 2(0.4) + 3(0.3) + 4(0.1)
=0.2 + 0.8 +0.9+0.4
=2.3
The variance of X,
denoted by V(X) or just σ2 , is
Let Y denote the number
of pounds of the chemical left with the company after theext cstomer’s order is
shipped
The number of pounds left
after the next customer’s order is shipped is equal to the total stock with the
company minus 5 times the number of lots ordered by the customers. (we multiply
the number of lots by 5 since the lots are sold to customer in 5-lb lots).
In other words, Y = 100 –
5X
We know that the
expectation of a linear function aX+b is given by:
E(aX + b) = a.E(X) + b
So the expectation of Y
can be computed as follows:
E(Y) = E(100 – 5X)
= 100 – 5E(X)
=100 – 5*2.3
=88.5
We know that the variance of a linear function aX + b is given by:
V(aX + b) = a2V(X)
So the variance of Y can
be computed as follows:
V(Y) = V(100 – 5X)
=52 * V(X)
=25*0.81
20.25
Q48
NBC News reported on May 2, 2013, that 1 in 20 children in the United States has a food allergy of some sort. Consider selecting a random sample of 25 children and let X be the number in the sample who have a food allergy. Then X⁓Bin(25,.05).
Determine both
P(X≤3) and P(X<3).
Determine P(X≥
4).
Determine P(1
≤ X ≤ 3).
What are E(X)
and σx ?
In a sample of
50 children, what is the probability that none has a food allergy?
Let X be the number in the sample who has a food allergy and it follows the binomial distribution with the parameters (n=25, p = 0.05).
The probability mass function of
X is,
P (X = x) = 25Cx(0.05)x
(1-0.05)25-x ; x = 0,1,2,3,…,25
(a)
The probability of having food allergy in the
number of samples less than or equal to 3 is,
P(X ≤ 3) = P (X = 0) + P(X = 1) + P (X = 2) + P
(X =3)
=1.25 the standard deviation of the random
variable X is,
= 1.09
(e)
The probability that
none of the 50 Children’s are food allergy is,
P(X = 0) = 50c0(0.05)0(1-
0.05)50 – 0
= 1 * 1 * (0.95)50
= 0.0769
Therefore, the probability that none of the 50
children’s are food allergy is 0.0769
50. A particular
telephone number is used to receive both voice calls and fax messages. Suppose
that 25% of te incoming calls involve
fax mesasges, and consider a sample of 25 incoming calss. What is the
probability that
a. At most 6 of the calls
involve a fax message?
b. Exactly 6 of the calls
involve a fax message?
c. At least 6 of the call
involve a fax message?
d. Moe than 6 of the
calls involve a fax message?
On the basis
of the provided information, the total number of incoming calls (n=25) and the
total probability of receiving incoming calls involving fax messages (p=025)
The calculation of the probability that at most 6 of the calls involve a fax message is:
The probability that at most 6 of the calls
involve a fax message is 0.5611.
Explanation | Common mistakes | Hint for next
step
Nearly about 56.11% of calls involve fax message
when the total number of incoming calls is 25.
(b)
The calculation of the probability that exactly 6 of the calls involve a fax message is:
= 0.1828
Part b
The probability that exactly 6 of the calls
involve a fax message is 0.1828.
Explanation | Common mistake| Hint for next step
Nearly about 18.28% of the calls involve a fax message when the total number of incoming calls is 25.
(c)
The calculation of the probability that more than 6 of the calls involve a fax message is:
P (k > 6) = 1-P(k ≤ 6) + P (k = 6)
= 1 – 0.5611 + 0.1828
= 0.6217
Part c
The probability that at least 6 of the calls involve a fax message is 0.6217.
Explanation | Hint for the next step
Nearly about 62.17% of the calls involve a fax message when the total number of incoming calls is 25.
(d)
The calculation of the probability that more than
6 of the calls involve a fax message is :
P (k > 6) = 1 – P(k ≤ 6)
= 1- 0.5611
= 0.4389
Part d
The probability that more than 6 of the calls
involve a fax message is 0.4389
Explanation | common mistake | Hint for next step
Nearly about 43.89% of the calls involve a fax
message when the total number of incoming calls is 25.
77. Three brothers and their wives decide to have children until each family has two female children. What is the pmf of X = the total number of male children born to the brothers? What is E(X), and how does it compare to the expected number of male children born to each brother?
The known experiment follows a negative binomial distribution.
Each family needs two female children, therefore, the total number of female children, X, in three families is r = 2+ 2+ 2 =6
The probability of success remains constant for each independent trail,
P(female) = P(male)
=1/2
=0.5
The experiment
is performed until each family has two female children.
Find the probability mass function of X
Using r =
6 and p = 0.5, the probability mass function of X is,
P(X) = nb( X; r,p)
=nb(x ; 6, 0.5)
The expected value of the negative binomial distribution is,
Therefore, an expected
number of male children born to each brother is 6.
